Enterovirus D68 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Enterovirus D68 - Research Paper Example The infection has been related to cause genuine respiratory side effects, and it tends to be especially genuine for youngsters with asthma or different sicknesses that make breathing troublesome. For such youngsters, the disease can bring about hospitalization and passing if fitting move are not made (Sawyer, 45). The paper investigations the study of disease transmission, pathogenesis, clinical introduction, lab analysis, treatment and avoidance. Since the revelation of enterovirus in 1962, it has been depicted for the most part as irregularly in confined cases. Enterovirus cases have been portrayed to happen during warm months, from spring to harvest time. Numerous parts in the United States have encountered an episode of the infection that has sent many kids into hospitalization as indicated by the focal point of illness control. Youngsters under five years of age and those with asthma have all the earmarks of being the most a danger of enterovirus D68 disease. It was found in 2 out of 5 youngsters during a 2012-2013 bunch of the polio-like sickness in California. Furthermore, grown-ups with asthma and those immunosuppressed have a danger of the disease. Six flare-ups somewhere in the range of 2005 and 2011 have been accounted for in Philippines, Netherlands and Japan, Arizona, Pennsylvania and conditions of Georgia (Tebruegge and Curtis, 226). Enterovirus caused groups of respiratory infection in August 2014 and by mid-Oct ober 691 people in 46 US states and the Columbia area had come own with a respiratory disease brought about by the infection, where five kids likewise kicked the bucket. In 2014, groups of cases were accounted for in parts of Georgia, Arizona and Pennsylvania. The quantity of states influenced with the infection is required to ascend as testing of example build-up proceeds. In Netherlands, the infection was recognized in 70 people during the time of 1995 and 2010 of which 57 were suggestive. The most common influenced people are asthma

Can laws influence incidence of chronic illness Essay

Would laws be able to impact rate of ceaseless ailment - Essay Example Authorizing laws is one of the strategies that can help stop the predominance of corpulence and interminable illnesses. This paper will take a gander at the how instituting laws can help lessen the commonness of constant sicknesses and in the case of sanctioning such laws is moral. An ongoing exploration recommends that cigarette smoking is the main source of preventable passings (Meetoo, 2010). Be that as it may, this is in spite of the different open mindfulness endeavors and the laws that have been established throughout the years to stop this. Heftiness and constant infections are probably going to be the main sources of preventable demise later on if appropriate measures are not taken to address this hazard (Meetoo, 2010). The United States of America government throughout the years has authorized severe laws to help decrease cigarette smoking. The tobacco control act is one of such enactments whose primary points incorporate; making tobacco items progressively costly, keeping individuals from beginning utilizing tobacco and assisting those previously utilizing tobacco items with stopping. These laws have smallly affected controlling the utilization of tobacco items. Be that as it may, this impact can't go unnoticed, as it has helped spare numerous peopleà ¢â‚¬â„¢s lives. The legislature ought to leave on authorizing laws to help diminish the predominance of corpulence and ceaseless infections. Notwithstanding raising open mindfulness on the issue, laws will go far in decreasing the predominance of ceaseless sicknesses and guarantee it doesn't turn into the main source of preventable demise. The laws ought to chiefly focus at the advertising methodologies utilized by cheap food outlets, marking and naming of quick nourishments. The offer of sodas and inexpensive food items around and in schools ought to likewise be disallowed. The administration ought to likewise ensure that nutritious nourishments are sponsored to ensure they are moderate paying little heed to one’s monetary status (Meetoo, 2010). Is it moral to order laws that are focused on

A Prayer For Owen Meany Essay Topics

A Prayer For Owen Meany Essay TopicsA Prayer For Owen Meany Essay Topics is required to be done by a person when they plan to do an essay. These essays are written for a specific subject such as the history of a certain place, the present state of a certain country or a certain person's life that is worth knowing and gaining knowledge of. A good person who likes to learn and looking for more on the field of study must take note of this idea because it makes for an enlightening experience and gives one a leg up in life.A good number of the peoples in the world are still looking for a guide on how to prepare for essay topics. The different tips and ideas on how to go about essay topics are not found in one source. One must go through each of the sources before he can find a proper course on it. An interesting part about the subject of essay topics is that you need to keep a journal of what was discussed and discovered.When you decide to do an essay, you can choose from the different es say topics and prepare for one yourself or you can hire someone to do it for you. An essay can be divided into paragraphs to make things easier for you to remember. You must always remember that each paragraph has a specific objective in mind and the idea should be a sentence in itself.An essay is a powerful tool that allows you to know something about something that interests you. Most of the papers that students submit are to the colleges and universities where they want to get some sort of education that will help them in their career. It is important to note that the education that one gets will determine their success in life.One way that a person can learn about an essay topic is by doing a prayer for Owen Meany essay topics. The person must pray to God to give him something good and give him wisdom on this topic that he or she would like to know more about. Then he or she can try to find out the best sources that are readily available for that particular topic. After all, it is going to be a piece of cake.One thing that you can do to prepare for your prayer for Owen Meany essay topics is to read about the topic and visit various websites that talk about that topic. You should also check the grammar and punctuation of the document. Make sure that the papers have the right information in them. Make sure that the documents can serve your purpose of helping you get an education.A person can also make a prayer for Owen Meany essay topics by getting a list of different topics that he or she would like to learn more about. He or she can also search online for the best sources on that topic and find out how to prepare for it. Write down a list of papers that you would like to read and visit the web sites for each topic and look for the best ones. You can also compile the best papers on each topic and read them for guidance.Doing an essay can be quite fun especially if you have a prayer for Owen Meany essay topics. You can choose a topic that is interesting and useful for you. The subjects should be very clear so that you can easily understand them. Do not forget to share your thoughts about the paper with the class so that they can learn as well.

Military Industrial Complex Global Issue Or Exaggerated

Military-industrial complex: global issue or exaggerated? On January 17, 1961, the president of the United States of America – Dwight Eisenhower – gave his farewell speech. In this speech he addressed what he thought was a problem within the country, the military-industrial complex. He warned the people for the increasing influence of the military industry. Eisenhower said that military expenditure needed to be tightly controlled, whereas it started to grow beyond it needs. He urged the people to ‘accept the need for a large military infrastructure, oppose profiteering, support international cooperation, and ensure that their chosen representatives possessed the capability to engage in this delicate balancing act’ (Janiewski 2011, p.684). Chosen representatives should withhold military contractors to exploit the industry for personal gains. Economic gains should not be the reason for investments in the military, necessity should be. Janiewski argued for example, that the Soviet superiority in missile technology was overdone to exploit the industry domestically and was used by the Democrats in the elections. After the Korean War the president already tried to reduce the size of the military. However, organizations like the National Military-Industrial Conference (NMIC) and his political opponents kept advertising for investments in the military force, whereas the first group had personal gains on this matter and the second group used it as a way to gain political power. InShow MoreRelatedDr. Strangelove And The Cold War1954 Words   |  8 Pagesholds. In Dr. Strangelove, General Jack D. Ripper goes insane and impulsively orders a fighter plane to drop nuclear warheads on Russia. Even worse, no one is able to contact that plane other than General Ripper, causing the U.S. President and his military advisors to evaluate what their next move should be. The film is a comedic parody based on the actual Cold War between the U.S. and the Soviet Union, but explores some of the consequences that human civilization could have potentially faced if certainRead MoreDr. Strangelove And The Cold War1997 Words   |  8 Pagesholds. In Dr. Strangelove, General Jack D. Ripper goes insane and impulsively orders a fighter plane to drop nuclear warheads on Russia. Even worse, no one is able to contact that plane other than General Ripper, causing the U.S. President and his military advisors to evaluate what their next move should be. The film is a parody based on the Cold War between the U.S. and the Soviet Union, but explores some of the consequences that human civilization could have potentially faced if certain orders hadRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. 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A Man With No Bounds Essay - 1005 Words

Franklin D. Roosevelt he is not just a person, he is a legacy the way he approached problems in his time â€Å"in charge†. The way he spoke to people was just outright amazing, like in his Infamy Speech after Pearl Harbor when he said, â€Å"With confidence in our armed forces, with the unbounding determination of our people, we will gain the inevitable triumph -- so help us God.† While in his long presidency, Franklin D. Roosevelt was considered by many, a amazing president who made all the right decisions. Franklin D. Roosevelt was at the time an important notable person that had a amazing power to fix problems with the right decisions. He became notable because in the worst days of the Depression he did not doubt himself with the problems ahead,†¦show more content†¦(11) He was then told by some of his friends who were democrats that he should run for political office, he then jumped to the chance which was a great decision as he finds out and ran for state senate in upstate New York where he won for two terms but ended up not finishing his second one. (11) Through his work in the state senate he befriended a Mr. Woodrow Wilson who happened to be president at the time. (11) Wilson then gave Franklin D. Roosevelt the position of assistant secretary for the Navy. (11) So by the time Franklin D. Roosevelt finally came to be president he had an abundance of experience with law and politics as well as helping people. Out of all the 44 presidents there have been Franklin D. Roosevelt held the spot for the longest time, 4,422 days to be exact. (6) He held his position for 4 terms and died in his final term. There were many events that occurred through the 12 years he was in office including but not limited to the Great Depression, World War II, and the Holocaust, which is mainly the reason he ran for those two last terms because he knew he could fix these problems. (6) In the time Franklin D. Roosevelt had in office he did many amazing decisi ons leaving a legacy and the record for longest presidency. Franklin D. Roosevelt was brought into the presidential spot in a low time for the United States, known as the Great Depression.Show MoreRelated##und Man, By Ilse Aichinger And The Handsomest Drowned Man In The World1362 Words   |  6 PagesA man is limited physically by a rope tied around his hands and feet. Villagers are limited intellectually where none of them have traveled around the world or they have not seen any of the natural beauties and diversities that the world has to offer. 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Should Abortion Be Legal - 1548 Words

The definition of abortion is quite simple. Abortion is the deliberate termination of a human pregnancy, most often done within the first 28 weeks of pregnancy. Any life is precious, no matter if it is wanted nor unwanted. The way that a woman’s body can change within a few weeks and how much a baby can develop is pretty magical. When a couple have intercourse, they obviously know the consequences. Consequences being that if you do not use protection then a baby will be the outcome. Abortion is immoral and it is the killing of a precious human that has no say in anything just yet. When these adults are even questioning about having an abortion, they need to ask themselves, is it right killing a life that can later effect the world in some†¦show more content†¦To end an innocent child’s life using rather horrific procedures is not only wrong for doctors to perform, but it is morally wrong. When couples think about their options when having a child there are thre e options. One being that you can keep the baby, second being you can put it up for adoption, and lastly you can have an abortion. The people that usually have these abortions are younger women who do not fully understand what they are doing to a precious human life, or there are a selected few adults that know in their pregnancy that they will have very many complications and it would risk the child’s life anyways. Abortion is wrong in every way possible because it is wrongfully killing a human being that has no say in anything. This human can have a life, dreams, wishes, etc. Instead of having so many abortions these women can put these children up for adoption, so that other families get the chance to be able to have a family when they are not able to have their own. Another way that abortion is morally wrong is the fact that when a woman has an abortion it could later lead to having too many difficulties in later pregnancies in life if they do end up wanting children in t heir later future. Complications for example be that they could have later miscarriages, ectopic pregnancies being that this fetus develops outside of the womb, also being called a tubal pregnancy. Another reason that abortion

System And Structure Communication Exchange - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the System And Structure Communication Exchange. Answer: Becoming a Professional The essay aims to catalogue in a neat and comprehensible manner self assessment based on two evidence based examples which would enumerate the qualities essential for the self assessment. It will also include an index of qualities and their advantages that would be beneficial in the improvement of ones capabilities helping to achieve the short and medium term goals. The study will be responsible to assess different skills and advantages in an individuals life. With evidence based assessment of the development of skills the reflective self-assessment journal will be thorough and complete. A list of short as well as medium term goals will also be briefed to improve academic, career aspiration and different other professional goals..The 2 best pieces of evidence I have gathered. During the report process, I was being given a situation where I had to come up with a plan regarding a sales company. As a part of that task I had to identify potential customers and analyze the areas where the density of these customers will be highest. Furthermore, I was also asked to critically assess the potential obstacles in the way of selling of the product. However, I performed excellently in outlining the core problems and sketched effective measures that would help to deal with the issues effectively. I was additionally given the benefit of analyze my critical thinking skill when I logically analyzed the whole market scenario and ventured on to take inventive measures. My effective measures also included a slight change in the way they endorse their product- the logo, the caption and the background color that lacked luster. Therefore sketching product selling strategies I clarified the nature of the main problem and with the collected information tried to come up with brai nstorming ideas to select the best solution for the crisis that is, the lack of product selling in certain areas. I helped my team members to implement the solution keeping in consideration a number of factors like availability of resources like time, money and number of workers. This showed by research skills which is an important exponent of good professional and professional judgments and initiative. I was able to affluently search the data, apply strategies and critically analyze them to know the ethical and practical measures. Therefore, I have realized that I have good professional and professional judgments and initiative. I carefully constructed strategies that would help me and my team to face potential risks and scenarios of crisis equipped with ideas and remedies. I also got appreciation from my team members for my result-oriented ideas and resourcefulness. During the ongoing of the project, however I met with the chance of reviewing my effective communication skills. I was confronted with the challenge of selling notebooks to people in a random market area. To proceed with this task, I had to employ both my imaginative faculties and communication skills to ensure that the notebook is looking class and better than ordinary notebooks. Additionally, I had to ensure the other factors like the physical appearance of the notebook and my convincing skills which will help me in molding their thoughts and understand the necessity as well as the worth of the product. I designed the cover as well as chose bright colored notebooks with alluring pictures of comics and celebrity slogans. I played a part in making them realize the value of a bohemian piece of product in their daily monotonous life and presented the books in a way that made kept them on a pedestal higher than the ordinary ones. I arranged the notebooks according to their genres and ti me period and made the colors look beautiful by juxtaposing the dull with the vibrant. In this manner I was able to execute my task of selling the pieces and influencing my team for active collaboration on the same. Analysis and reflections about the process of self-assessment that I have undertaken. Effective Communication skills: The process of self-evaluation helped me to both work on my weaknesses and improve them for my own benefit. The above two tasks tested my cognitive skills and polished the understanding of concepts and ideas which resulted in producing positive results. During the ongoing of the project I was put under circumstances which helped me to develop my reasons, logical analysis, resourcefulness, innovation and the power to implement imaginative skills during crucial juncture. Critical thinking has made me work on my communication which has further increased my performance rate in the academia because it prompted me to make better usage of my thinking skills for coherent argument. In order to analyze the development of my communication faculties, I undertook the task of selling notebooks through comprehending the psychology of the customers buying the particular product- notebook. One of the many advantages of the self-assessment task is that it helped me to g enerate knowledge and made usage of the same in order to develop my meta-cognition skills. It helped me in developing communication and assessing the psychology of customers, which in my university life has helped me immensely in debates, where I was helped in constructing arguments and counterarguments during my academic life. The development of effective communication skills helped me during my University phrase, to view a problem or hindrance from different viewpoints as to come up with better solutions. The communication Theory Framework states that from a Mechanistic view point, communication is at its bare essential, the transmission of information from first party to second party. With the help of critical thinking, however, I learnt to follow the thought process of an individual and line of reasoning to establish a better argument. It allowed me to possess a broader spectrum of different viewpoints and helped me to understand that an argument which is effective in one situat ion might not be the same in a different situation. Professional and Personal Judgments and Initiatives- the nurturing of problem solving skills during my academia helped me enormously in acquiring a logical and methodical approach to problems. I implemented the same in my academia by making use of creativity or lateral thinking. The same helped me ingratiate a number of steps like- identifying the core problem, defining the problem to come up with a number of solutions, making use of information and data and examining the options and scrutinizing it carefully, acting on the set of plans after a thorough examination of its consequence. Developing my analytical skills helped me perform excellently in mind games, which required a clever handling of crosswords, riddles, chess, bridge etc. The same helped me immensely in diagnosing problems and evaluating the situation to mold it in my favor. I was also able to implements by degree knowledge in various practical situations like field work, extracting customers genuine opinions about a pro duct or service and maintain their confidentiality at the same time. I was also capable of leading my team to increase the sales of products by a number of measures like knowing in-depth of the demographics of the regions we are trying to sell, collect data about the customers and their professions. Here are some of the steps required for development of professional and professional judgments and initiative by developing problem solving and analytical skills in daily life: To examine the development of my problem solving skills and abilities I undertook the task of examining a situation and implementing strategies that would be helpful in increasing the sale of the product. With the help of my cognitive skills I was to implement brainstorming ideas that would be instrumental in improving every aspect of the crisis. With the help of collaborative designs, I was also encouraged to work as a team where I had to consider different perspectives and their lacks. With the help of mind-mapping I was able to draw connections between a number of ideas and perspectives. In case of academia, mind-mapping stimulated me to associate one or more ideas and incorporate them in my projects and assignments. This made me incorporate within myself a number of qualities like to possess a clear view of what actually is the problem and the different opportunities situated within a problem. Developing strategies to increase sales provided me the opportunity to work on spontane ous thinking and generating new ideas both individually and as a collaborative member of a team. Problem solving skills initially helped me to develop decision making skills using analytical and critical skills to come up with positive results. It helped me to become resourceful the quality which personally helped me a lot in my academia. Resourcefulness helped me to confront several stress inducing challenges in my academic life and helped me to develop within myself a number of important qualities. The qualities like positive self-statements which will be effective to assess how far a particular strategy will be effective in a situation. Furthermore, problem solving skills helped me to mold myself into a resilient individual and helped me to imbibe within myself self-stressor. Throughout my university it helped me to maintain a positive approach even during the worst of times. My goals for both short term (12 months) and medium term (2-3 years) that will help me to attain academic and professional goals. Be a Part of Extracurricular Activities This will help me to analyze my interests and understand core competencies. Furthermore these activities will also help me to become more active and instigates to take faster and efficient decisions in a crucial juncture. Extracurricular activities will also help me to brush my relationship skills. Develop Interpersonal Skills This would help me to imbibe within myself excellent and consistent communication skills. The same will also help me in my workplace as interpersonal skills will help me to work on my behavioral, collaboration and conflict management skills. With the help of interpersonal skills I will also be able to brush my creative side which would help me to accept challenges both inside and outside my academic peripheries. Learn a Language Learning a language will help to eradicate business barriers as much as practicable and use it for personal as well as community benefits. Complete my Courses on Time The completion of my course within the stipulated time will help me to prepare myself for various internships and programs to which I intend to apply. I believe to become a successful professional internships will benefit me by shaping me into one. It would also help me to keep a track of my progress and complete the various. Completing my course on time will also provide me with a competitive edge and help me to invest my potential in professional spheres. Working on Riddles In order to perform excellently in logical reasoning I would like to concentrate on solving riddles. The same will also help me to improve my cognitive skills and faculties and invest the same in professional life. Since riddles also improves and nurtures other skills like sustained attention that will help me to stay focused and calm. Bibliography List: Adler, R., Rodman, G.R. and DuPr, A., 2016. Understanding human communication. Oxford University Press. Adodo, S.O., 2013. Effect of mind-mapping as a self-regulated learning strategy on students achievement in basic science and technology. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 4(6), p.163. Boud, D., 2013. Enhancing learning through self-assessment.Routledge. Bovee, C.L., Thill, J.V. and Raina, R.L., 2016. Business communication today. Pearson Education India. Chiu, C.M., Wang, E.T., Fang, Y.H. and Huang, H.Y., 2014. Understanding customers' repeat purchase intentions in B2C e?commerce: the roles of utilitarian value, hedonic value and perceived risk. Information Systems Journal, 24(1), pp.85-114. Falchikov, N., 2013. Improving assessment through student involvement: Practical solutions for aiding learning in higher and further education. Routledge. Fleisher, C.S. and Bensoussan, B.E., 2015. Business and competitive analysis: effective application of new and classic methods. FT Press. McPeck, J.E., 2016. Critical thinking and education.Routledge. Moon, J.A., 2013. Reflection in learning and professional development: Theory and practice.Routledge. Saleem, A., Ghafar, A., Ibrahim, M., Yousuf, M. and Ahmed, N., 2015. Product perceived quality and purchase intention with consumer satisfaction. Global Journal of Management And Business Research. West, D.C., Ford, J. and Ibrahim, E., 2015. Strategic marketing: creating competitive advantage. Oxford University Press, USA. Wilden, A. ed., 2013. System and Structure: Essays in communication and exchange second edition (Vol. 11). Routledge. Bamberger, P.A., Biron, M. and Meshoulam, I., 2014. Human resource strategy: Formulation, implementation, and impact.Routledge. Garvey, W.D., 2014. Communication: the essence of science: facilitating information exchange among librarians, scientists, engineers and students. Elsevier. Hwang, G.J., Kuo, F.R., Chen, N.S. and Ho, H.J., 2014. Effects of an integrated concept mapping and web-based problem-solving approach on students' learning achievements, perceptions and cognitive loads. Computers Education, 71, pp.77-86. Wheelen, T.L. and Hunger, J.D., 2017. Strategic management and business policy.pearson

A Study on Employee Attitude and Leadership Behaviour free essay sample

ABSTRACT The Research titled namely â€Å"A Study on Employee attitude Leadership Style† is a research study conducted among various managers in different functional areas in Sify Software Limited Everonn Education Limited. In this research study, the researcher has made an attempt to identify the various styles followed by leaders due to different behavior among employees. The study mainly focus on the various attitudes of employee’s in different groups and its impact of the performance if individual, group or team organization. Further, the study also focuses on finding out the significant relationship between the attitude of employees and its impact of completion of module, work, deadlines, and target. This study is limited to the managers working at Sify Software Limited Everonn Education Limited. The Researcher has proposed to use descriptive type of research Analytical type of result. The Researcher has proposed to use descriptive type research, in order to collect the real facts from the respondent’s regarding the attitude of the employees. We will write a custom essay sample on A Study on Employee Attitude and Leadership Behaviour or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Researcher has also proposed to use Analytical type of result to analyze the behavior of employees and its impact of deadline productivity. Once the data has been collected from the respondents (Managers), the Researcher has proposed to use various statistical tools like Percentage Analysis, Weighted Average Method, Chi-Square Method, One-Sample Run Test, etc. , and in order to analysis the various types of behaviors, the researcher has also planned to use cause and effect of diagram. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1. 1INTRODUCTION Employee values, attitudes, and leadership behavior play a very important role in enhancing employee work motivation and performance. Employee work values, attitudes and leadership behavior can carefully be adjusted to produce a strong impact on employee work motivation. It would, therefore, be interesting to examine the precise nature of their roles in influencing the intrinsic versus extrinsic motivation of employees. Individuals vary in their value systems. For example, achievement is a concern for the advancement of one’s career while concern for others may reflect caring, compassionate. Supervisory behavior may vary considerably in the same job situation. Behaviors such as encouraging other employees or helping others work on difficult tasks. A supervisory behavior may adopt democratic orientation or punishment when interacting with employees and thus may affect the work behavior. Though research on leadership styles, work values, and attitudes is concerned with finding the conclusions as to what specific leader behavior, work values and attitudes would produce a strong impact on employee work motivation and performance, no clear-cut conclusions have yet been rendered. It is, therefore, necessary to examine these issues, on a relative basis, which characteristics may act as more effective motivators in employee motivation and work performance. With such an understanding, management would better be able to use available motivational tools for their maximum impact on employee work performance. Thus the objective of this study is to examine the importance of values, attitudes and leadership behaviors in employee work motivation and performance. To gain a deeper insight into the exact nature of such influence, the roles of employee values, attitudes and leadership behavior in influencing intrinsic versus extrinsic motivation and performance are examined. Finally, the study explores the managerial implications of the findings and discusses the actions that might lead to improvements in employee motivation. VALUES, ATTITUDES AND EMPLOYEE WORK MOTIVATION The following description relates to values, attitudes, and employee motivation. VALUES Values are enduring beliefs that a specific mode of conduct or end state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite or converse mode of conduct or end state of existence (Rokeach, M 1973). Some basic values, which are expected to affect the attitude and work motivation of an employee, would logically include: Family: The extent to which the job offers family well-being to the employees Recreation: The extent to which the job offers recreational facilities to the employees A sense of accomplishment: The degree to which the person feels the job gives the person a sense of accomplishment after the job is done. Advancing at the company: The degree to which the person feels the job will create opportunities for advancement. Financial security: The extent to which the job offers financial security to person. Integrity: The extent to which the job provides information accurately and emphasizes impartiality and recognizes different points of view ATTITUDES Attitudes are not the same as values. Attitudes are evaluative statements –either favorable or unfavorable—concerning objects people, or events. It has been treated both as a general attitude and as satisfaction with five specific dimensions of job: pay, the work itself, promotion, opportunities, supervision and co-workers (Smith, Kendall, and Hulin, 1969; Balzer and Smith et al, 1990). The combined effects of these factors produce for the individual some measure of satisfaction and dissatisfaction (Herzberg, Mausner, and Snyderman, 1959). Definitions of these five dimensions of the job are given as under: Definitions of key Job Dimensions Job DimensionsDefinition Work SatisfactionThe extent to which an employee is satisfied with work, including opportunities for creativity and task variety, allowing an individual to increase his or her knowledge, changes in responsibility, amount of work, security, and job enrichment (Balzer and Smith et al, 1990; Smith et al, 1969) Pay SatisfactionThe extent to which an employee forms an attitude toward pay based on perceived difference between actual pay and the expected pay. Expected pay is based on the value of perceived inputs and outputs of the job and the pay of other employees holding similar jobs or possessing similar qualifications (Balzer and Smith et al, 1990) Supervision SatisfactionThe extent to which an employee is satisfied with his or supervision, as measured by consideration and employee-centered actions of the supervisor and the perceived competency of the supervisor by the subordinate (Balzer and Smith et al, 1990, Herzberg et al, 1957) Satisfaction with promotionsThe degree to which an employee is satisfied with the Company’s promotion policy, including frequency of promotions, and the desirability of promotions (Balzer and Smith et al, 1990, Herzberg et al 1957) Co-workers’ SatisfactionThe work-related interaction and the mutual liking or admiration of fellow employees (Bazler and Smith et al, 1990, Smith et al, 1969, Alderfer, 1969) Overall Job SatisfactionThe extent to which an individual’s desires, expectations and needs are fulfilled by employment (Szilagi, Sims, and Terrill, 1977) 1. 2INDUSTRY PROFILE As the study is applicable only for e-Learning industry let us have a brief introduction about the software industry below. The current e-learning boom in India has added to the existing woes. Standards apart, the industry hangs on the edge where processes and players are dubious. Much of this blame can be put on the Indian government’s inability to put together a regulatory body. Unregulated and unstructured, the e-learning industry in India is likely to wreck havoc for the global e-learning industry as small vendors pile up huge learning garbage for clients worldwide. E-learning in India has come of age. Two decades and the nation already cherish several global e-learning players on its soil. This can be attributed to some basic reasons like cheap human resources, a large pool of English-speaking workforce and ‘business discounts’ offered by the central and state governments. Although exact figures of the size of the industry is not available, a conservative estimate shows the offshore e-learning industry at about $150 million in 2004-05, up almost by 200 percent in the last two years. In spite such impressive figures, the e-learning industry in India remains mired with a plethora of issues. Some of these issues include lack of uniform e-learning standards and workplace practices, and the lack of adequate human resources to power the spiraling upward growth. These concerns apart, government apathy has also bolstered fly-by-night e-learning entrepreneurs who eye quick bucks and increasingly deliver ‘learning garbage’ to a global clientele. Smaller vendors in India have setup e-learning business houses with paltry investments of a few thousand dollars – in the hope of getting a sizeable pie of the global e-learning business. Most of these short-term vendors run their shows from North India – from places in and around the National Capital Region of Delhi. The modus operandi for these vendors is simple. They rent in a couple of rooms in an urban area and advertise for resources in job websites and newspapers. Writers, designers and technology professionals – mostly unskilled – are hired by the dozens. The average salary of the employees ranges anything between $100 to $400 and the working hours stretch well over 72 hours per week. Next, these companies setup small sales calling teams to call up international clients asking for work. The sales pitch is often exaggerated and boasts of a few â€Å"big names†. To show their experience, these vendors cull-out a few odd CBT’s from other companies or ‘steal’ courses through their contacts. The basic quality that behooves a standard e-learning company is absent in these companies. Proprietors remain ignorant of even the most basic information that is essential to run the show. A Java programmer, for example, is asked to hone his skills in C++ or any other program since he is responsible for all ‘programming’ needs. Almost anyone who walks in for the position of writers is employed as an ‘instructional designer’, primarily because they can be asked to work for lesser salaries on the pretext that they lack instructional designing experience. Vendors also rely on these writers to validate the learning content for authenticity even when content validation remains the domain of the expert, the Subject Matter Expert (SME). The writers and designers are instructed to download content from Internet websites and ‘rewrite’ them before using it. A basic ignorance of the Internet medium on the part of the owners means that the writers are often confused with the content because no single idea or information on the Internet appears consistent. E-learning processes are virtually absent in these companies. All that offers a direct benefit to the proprietor becomes part of the practiced processes. A Project Manager, for example, may be required to recruit people, review e-learning courses, undertake marketing activities, and do just anything that catches the fancy of the owner. In some companies, it was observed that programmers were asked to work as typists. The motto: no resource should sit idle. Employees who work for more than 9 hours a day are neither paid additional remuneration nor are given facilities like cabs and food for their late stay and long hours of work. As an e-learning professional once remarked, â€Å"employees in these fly-by-night ventures reminds one of the rampant practice of human slavery in Africa and Arabian countries a few centuries back. Professional torture apart, these employees are also subjected to extremely inhuman conditions of work – congested workplace, outdated computers, stinking toilets, and the same paltry salary year after year. Employees in these companies too appear to have resigned to their fates – partly because their poor education that doesn’t stand them in good stead for jobs in big e-learning MNCs and also because most do not have a professional competence in English language. This phenomenon is rarely reported by any section of the Indian media, perhaps due to ignorance or for fear of antagonizing the international fraternity. The abysmal condition and the unplanned e-learning sector, however, have both a positive and a negative side to it. The positive side is that these e-learning ventures help to reinforce the fact that there is no alternate to quality, and quality comes from the big guys, not the fly-by-night operators. The flipside is that the employees in tiny Indian -learning ventures rarely get the exposure to standard work processes and world-class e-learning products thereby subjecting themselves to professional impairment. Unfortunate for the Indian e-learning industry, at a n era of globalization and information revolution, Indian laws too have failed to contain these IT hawks. While the existing labour laws do have provisions against inhuman practices in the private workplace, in practice they remain a mirage. Most of the employees neither have the financial resources to chase litigation nor are they willing to ‘waste’ their time. The Southern part of India presents a striking contrast to the North. Recent years have seen a rapid and strategic development of global e-learning companies in the South, in places like Bangalore and Chennai. Several global players have also setup their centers in Pune, Mumbai and Hyderabad. Not surprising, the South has become a favorite e-learning destinations for serious e-learning players because of the absence of the mayhem so rampant in the Northern part of the country. Although the same Indian laws apply to all states across India, security and infrastructure is usually better in the Southern states than in the North. Consequently, most of these global giants are reluctant to setup their operations in the North for obvious reasons: lax security, incompetent e-learning resources, and rampant corruption. However of all the paraphernalia, one primary reason that dissuades the big names in e-learning from setting bases in North India is the abysmally poor skill-sets of the workforce here. In an era of cut-throat competition, generalized skills fetch little or paltry returns. In the past companies like Tata Interactive Services, Brainvisa, Sify e-learning and Accenture have all failed to locate substantial trained workforce from the North for its setups in the South. Amidst all the rigmarole, smaller global clients seeking ‘cheap’ e-learning courses remain unconcerned about the operatives of these vile businessmen. The only thing that seemingly matters for them is ‘cheaper products’, even if it comes in poor quality or if the employees who developed them are subjected to inhuman practices. Its time that global clients shed their ignorance and act responsibly by seeking detailed credentials from smaller e-learning vendors in India on their HR processes, employee welfare schemes and workforce competence. Failing to do this will not result in the development of shabby e-learning courses. The state of e-learning in India, particularly the frenzy in North India, remains a serious concern for the industry. Either the law of the land has to haul-up the desperados or wait till the hawks eat up the industry for the worse. A regulatory authority is essential now, if the industry is to survive and prosper. Money-eyed hawks can’t be allowed to have a field day. If they hang around for long, the death of the industry in India is imminent. 1. 3 COMPANY HISTORY 1. 3. 1 SIFY SOFTWARE LIMITED Sify eLearning was formed in December 2000. With over 8 years of experience in the training domain and our speciality in Instructional Design and Interactive Multimedia Content Development, we have developed over 5000 hours of learning content comprising Web based training (WBT), Computer based training (CBT), and Instructor Led training (ILT) courses. We have close to 300 employees located in our offices in India, the US, UK, and the Middle East. In India, Sifys offices are located in Chennai, Delhi, Mumbai, and Bangalore. Sify eLearning, which ranks among the top three eLearning Services providers in India, is a part of Sify Technologies Ltd. (NASDAQ:SIFY), with a revenue of US$150 million in 2008. Sify Technologies (www. sifycorp. com) is a pioneer and leader in the Internet, networking, and e-Commerce services in India and serves more than 1500 corporate and 600,000 retail consumers. We are proud to be the preferred eLearning vendor to many Fortune 100 companies. 1. 3. 2EVERONN EDUCATION LIMITED Everonn is one of the leading educational companies in India. Everonn today is the largest VSAT education network in the World. Everonn is listed in both the NSE and BSE. With a firm belief that technology-enabled learning can truly nullify social and economic boundaries, Everonn’s achievements have helped millions of students achieve their dreams. From its pioneering VSAT-enabled virtual and interactive classrooms to its emphasis on offering only the highest-quality content to students, Everonn’s quest for excellence has enabled the company to repeatedly break new grounds in the Indian education industry. Everonn’s commitment to a better standard of education is the guiding principle behind all its activities, from making Pre-school toddlers school ready to enhancing the employability of college students and providing the best entrance exam guidance in the nation. 1. 4PROBLEMS IDENTIFIED The Research titled namely â€Å"A Study on Employee attitude Leadership Style† is a research study conducted among various managers in different functional areas in Sify Software Limited Everonn Education Limited. In this research study, the researcher has made an attempt to identify the various styles followed by leaders due to different behavior among employees. The study mainly focus on the various attitudes of employee’s in different groups and its impact of the performance if individual, group or team organization. Further, the study also focuses on finding out the significant relationship between the attitude of employees and its impact of completion of module, work, deadlines, and target. This study is limited to the managers working at Sify Software Limited Everonn Education Limited. 1. 5NEED FOR THE STUDY The need for the study is to bring out the various attitude of employee in different groups and its impact on the performance of individual, group or team organization. This research study is restricted to employees working in Sify Software limited Everonn Education Limited. Generally employees working in any software companies are from different background in the sense they are from different regions, different culture, language, belief, Qualification, religion, communities etc. , which generally varies from the employees working in other sectors. This difference in attitude of employees is a very big challenge for software companies since it leads to many conflicts among the employees that affect the conducive working environment of the organization. In this study the researcher mainly focuses on changes in attitude of employees and the level of impact on their performance. Further the researcher has made an attempt to analyze the change in leadership behavior due to changes in employee attitude. In addition, the study will also be helpful in finding out the significant relationship between the attitude of employees and its impact on completion of module, work, deadlines, and target. 1. 6OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY 1. 6. 1PRIMARY OBJECTIVE 1. To study the changes in attitude of employees and the behavioral changes of leadership at Sify software limited Everonn Education Limited. 1. 6. 2SECONDARY OBJECTIVES 1. To identify and analyze the relationship between employee attitude and leadership behavior in Sify Software Limited Everonn Education Limited. 2. To analyze the level of impact of leadership behavior on the team and performance of team. 3. To find out various ways to improve the attitude of people towards organizational commitments. 4. To identify the relationship between the attitude of employees and their performance towards their job. 1. 7SCOPE OF THE STUDY The study may help to find out the style to be adapted by leadership that may help them to effectively control the attitude of employees and also it helps to influence the workers and to extract work from them. This study may show the various characteristics of employees and its impact on the performance. Generally employees working in any software companies are from different background in the sense they are from different regions, different culture, language, belief, Qualification, religion, communities etc. , which generally varies from the employees working in other sectors. This difference in attitude of employees is a very big challenge for software companies since it leads to many conflicts among the employees that affect the conducive working environment of the organization. In this study the researcher mainly focuses on changes in attitude of employees and the level of impact on their performance. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE SURVEY 2. 1REVIEW OF LITERATURE ?Attitudes are not the same as values. Attitudes are evaluative statements –either favorable or unfavorable concerning objects people, or events. Employee values, attitudes, and leadership behavior play a very important role in enhancing employee work motivation and performance. Employee work values, attitudes and leadership behavior can carefully be adjusted to produce a strong impact on employee work motivation. It would, therefore, be interesting to examine the precise nature of their roles in influencing the intrinsic versus extrinsic motivation of employees. ?Leadership Theory Leadership Styles: Leaders and followers each have different traits, values and levels of motivation. Theories that explain leadership effectiveness in terms of situational moderator variables are called contingency theories of leadership (Yukl 2006). Fiedler’s (1964) contingency model of leadership effectiveness is contingent upon the interaction of leadership style and situational favorableness (Liu et al. 2003). Thus, leader effectiveness is the product of many variables related to the followers, the task, and the organization (Tatum, et. al. , 2003). Transformational leadership theory emphasizes longer-term and vision-based motivational processes (Bass Avolio, 1997; Liu et al, 2003) and attempts to capture the emotional and symbolic aspects of leadership, helping researchers understand how leaders influence followers and motivate them to make self-sacrifices, putting the needs of the mission or organization above materialistic self-interests (Yukl, 2006). Researchers have found that most managers believe there is no single universal style of leadership applicable in all situations (Yun, Cox, and Sims, Jr. , 2006; Lord et al. , 2001). For example, a task-oriented leadership style may be most appropriate where a job involves psychologically immature or inexperienced workers; whereas, a relations-oriented leadership style may be most appropriate where workers are highly experienced and can be trusted to work autonomously (Tatum, et. al. , 2003). ?Group Types: Yukl (2006) defines several types of teams that can be found within an organization; two such teams include: Functional and Cross-Functional. Yukl (2006) provides the following about each team: â€Å"Functional teams are characterized by members of an organization with specialized jobs but are all part of the same basic function (e. g. maintenance, quality, etc. ). These teams operate for a long duration of time with membership that is relatively stable. Cross-Functional teams are characterized by members from a combination of functional subunits (e. g. quality, production, sales, and maintenance) working together on projects that require joint problem-solving skills. These teams operate until their task is completed. Membership may be stable over the life of the team or it may change as some functions increase/decrease in importance†. Leadership Credibility: Credibility is the foundation of leadership, and employees want their leaders to be honest, inspiring, competent, and forward looking (Kouzes and Posner, 2000). The credible leader must be seen as well informed and worthy of belief (Stoner, 1989). Credibility n urtures collaborative, cooperative relationships where employees assume responsibility for accomplishing work-related objectives voluntarily (Gabris Ihrke, 1996). For credibility to exist there must be trust between leader and follower (Kouzes Posner, 2000). Leadership credibility deals with perceived believability toward the leader-supervisor as someone an employee can trust in a supervisor-subordinate relationship (Gabris Ihrke, 1996). Organizational Justice: Organizational justice theory is intimately tied to leadership and decision processes (Tatum, et. al, 2003) and is based on the idea that a set of justice rules is used by individuals to evaluate fair treatment; and the extent to which those rules are satisfied or violated determines perceptions of justice or injustice (Mayer, et al. , 2007). Procedural justice refers to the perceived fairness of the methods used to make organizational decisions (Tepper, et. al. , 2006; Bauer, et al, 2001). In procedural justice, employees are concerned about whether the decision process is fair and the process used to determine the outcome was just (Fernandes Awamleh, 2006). Perceptions of fair procedures enhance employee acceptance of organizational outcomes (Latham Pinder, 2005), lead to organizational commitment (Lind Tyler, 1988) and satisfaction at the individual level (De Cremer, 2007). Shared perceptions of justice at the group level are positively related to satisfaction and commitment to the organization (Mayer, et al. , 2007). Just outcomes signal to employees that they are valued by the organization (Tyler Lind, 1992). Individuals experience procedural injustice when they are denied voice and decision control (Tepper, et. al. , 2006). Interactional justice is defined as the interpersonal treatment people receive as procedures are enacted (Bies Moag, 1986; Colquitt, 2001). Interactional justice is concerned with how information is communicated and whether individuals affected by a decision are treated with respect and dignity (Fernandes Awamleh, 2006). ?Group Commitment: Commitment is believed to affect organizational performance (Fiorito, et al. , 2007) and outcomes such as job satisfaction (Williams Hazer, 1986). Commitment is strongly influenced by leadership (Kouzes Posner, 2000). When employees feel unfairly treated, they may respond affectively with low commitment (Latham Pinder, 2005). The effect of leadership style on group interaction depends on both the consistency of the leadership style and the attitude group members have toward the leadership style (Kahai, Sosik, Avolio, 1997). Describing the task in a way that links it to member values and ideals, explaining why a project or task is important, involving members in planning strategies for attaining the objectives, and empowering members to find creative solutions to problems (Yukl, 2006). If members see leadership as legitimate, they should remain more attached to the team and exert more effort to benefit it (Colquitt, Noe, Jackson, 2002). ?It is readily accepted that organizational change impacts employees in a variety of ways (French, Bell, Zawacki, 2000). Consequently, the impact of organizational change on employee attitudes has received considerable research attention (e. g. Gardner, Dunham, Cummings, Pierce, 1987; Griffin, 1997; Lines, 2004; Saari Judge, 2004; Schweiger DeNisi, 1991). Research indicates that employee attitudes are related to how individuals perceive or react to change (Mossholder, Settoon, Armenakis, Harris, 2000). This is important since positive perceptions of change can enhan ce the implementation of these organizational initiatives (Lines, 2004; Armenakis, Harris, Feild, 1999). In this study, employee attitudes are investigated when organizational change is caused by the introduction of new technology. As depicted in Figure 1, salient attitudes of interest include job satisfaction, organizational commitment, intent to turnover, and job stress. The most-used research definition of job satisfaction is by Locke (1976), who defined it as â€Å". . . a pleasurable or positive emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one’s job or job experiences† (p. 1304). Implicit in Locke’s definition is the importance of both affect, or feeling, and cognition, or thinking. When we think, we have feelings about what we think. Conversely, when we have feelings, we think about what we feel. Cognition and affect are thus inextricably linked, in our psy-chology and even in our biology. Thus, when evaluating our jobs, as when we assess most anything important to us, both thinking and feeling are involved. Continuing this theoretical development, Judge and his colleagues (Judge Bono, 2001; Judge, Locke, Durham, Kluger, 1998) found that a key personality trait, core self-evaluation, correlates with (is statistically related to) employee job satisfaction. They also found that one of the primary causes of the relationship was through the perception of the job itself. Thus, it appears that the most important situational effect on job satisfaction—the job itself—is linked to what may be the most important personality trait to predict job satisfaction—core self-evaluation. Evidence also indicates that some other personality traits, such as extra-version and conscientiousness, can also influence job satisfaction (Judge, Heller, Mount, 2002) In the research literature, the two most extensively validated employee attitude survey measures are the Job Descriptive Index (JDI; Smith, Kendall, Hulin, 1969) and the Mi nnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ; Weiss, Dawis, England, Lofquist, 1967). The JDI assesses satisfaction with five different job areas: pay, promotion, coworkers, supervision, and the work itself. The JDI is reliable and has an impressive array of validation evidence. The MSQ has the advantage of versatility—long and short forms are available, as well as faceted and overall measures. Another measure used in job satisfaction research (e. g. , Judge, Erez, Bono, Thoresen, in press) is an updated and reliable five-item version of an earlier scale by Brayfield and Rothe (1951). All of these measures have led to greater scientific understanding of employee attitudes, and their greatest value may be for research purposes, yet these measures may be useful for practitioners as well. In practice, organizations often wish to obtain a more detailed assessment of employee attitudes and/or customize their surveys to assess issues unique to their firm. ?Job satisfaction is one of the most extensively researched work-related attitudes (Loscocco Roschelle, 1991). Saari and Judge (2004), however, observed that HR practitioners lack thorough knowledge of job satisfaction and related antecedents. Job satisfaction is operationally defined as an individuals assessment of the degree to which their work-related values have been achieved (Locke, 1969; Locke, 1976). Research suggests that organizational change has a discernable impact on job satisfaction (see, for example, Ferguson Cheyne, 1995) which is associated with organizational citizenship behaviors that are beneficial to organizational effectiveness (Organ, 1990). ?Organizational commitment is also a frequently studied job attitude (Lines, 2004; Loscocco Roschelle, 1991). Definitions and conceptualizations of the organizational commitment construct are numerous and diverse. Morrow (1983) observed at least 25 different conceptualizations of organizational commitment. Despite this diversity, OReilly and Chatman (1986), among others, suggest that psychological attachment to an organization is a theme underlying most conceptualizations of organizational commitment. Of particular interest in this study is the relationship between affective organizational commitment and reactions to the organizational changes since individuals with high levels of affective commitment tend to exert extraordinary effort on behalf of an organization (Porter, Steers, Mowday, Boulian, 1974). In addition, individuals with high levels of affective commitment are likely to remain with an organization because they want to remain with the organization (Porter et al. , 1974), not because they have no other alternatives or because of social pressure. CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3. 1PROPOSED METHODOLOGY 3. 1. 1FOR EMPLOYEES The Researcher has proposed to use Qualitative and Analytical type of research. The Researcher has proposed to use Qualitative type of research, to assess the behavior of various employees in different teams which has an impact on overall performance of the team. The Researcher has also proposed to use Analytical type of result to analyze the effect of behavior on their individual performance towards their relationship with peers etc. 3. 1. 2FOR MANAGERS To assess the changes in leadership behavior due to changes in employee attitude, the Researcher has used the same Qualitative and Analytical type of research design. 3. 2RESEARCH DESIGN The research design is the blue print for fulfilling objectives and answering questions of specific research problem. A research design is purely and simply the framework a plan for a study that guides the collection and analysis of the data. The research designs used in this project are listed below. 3. 2. 1 DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH To describe the characteristics of certain groups e. g. users of a product with different age, sex etc. , to determine whether certain variables are associated e. g. , age and usage of a product. 3. 2. 2 ANALYTICAL RESEARCH To analyze the behavior of employees and its impact of deadline productivity. 3. 3DATA COLLECTION METHOD In this study the researcher has proposed to use both Primary and secondary data. 3. 3. 1PRIMARY DATA Primary data will be collected through a structured Questionnaire from the target respondents.

Public Controversy on Bio-ethics Essays

Public Controversy on Bio-ethics Essays Public Controversy on Bio-ethics Paper Public Controversy on Bio-ethics Paper Bioethics can be referred to as a field of study that is philosophical, and addresses the ethical arguments as a result of advances in biology and medicine. (Jonsen et al, 1998). The ethical questions that are addressed by the bio ethicists are used in relation among life sciences, biotechnology, medicine, politics, law, philosophy, and theology (James, 2001). The interdisciplinary field of bioethics was jump-started by the Nuremberg Code. This code was set up in order to set standards for judging physicians and scientists (McGee et al 2003). These physicians and scientists were the one who had worked in concentration camp conducting biomedical experiments on the prisoners. The basic ethical principles that should rule biomedical and behavioural research on human subjects have been suggested to be drafted down. Guide lines that will ensure human rights and respect are upheld should also be included. The rules and guidelines also assist in resolving the ethical problems that surround research conducted on the human subjects. Principles that need to be addressed by the guidelines are: Justice, Beneficence and Respect for autonomy for the person. Public health and health policy challenges and advancement in biotechnology has resulted to a fast-growing academic and professional area of inquiry in bioethics. Degree programs are currently being offered in various education institutions that do specialize in bioethics. The proper scope in bioethics is not certain. While some people feel that ethical evaluation of questions that revolve around biology and medicine should be narrowed down to the morality of medial treatments or technological advances, others feel different. The other groups are of the view that ethical evaluation should include morality of all actions that might help or harm organisms that can feel fear and pain. In addition, all such actions should be included in bioethics. This is because they may bear a relation to medicine and biology. The purpose of bio ethicists is to put to work the huge body of research and history of discussions about bioethics in a manner that is fair, honest and intelligent. Future social, ethical and economic implications. Bioethics as a field was as a result of public attention to ethical questions related to abuses of human subjects in biomedical experiments,www. eubios. info/betext. htm . Bioethics as a field of study is said to be an appropriate way of ensuring human rights and morals are incorporated into the medicine and biological experiments. In this research paper, the issue of Genetically Modified Foods (GMOs) will be discussed. The use of genetically modified organisms has raised public disagreement on whether the organisms should be produced for human consumption or not. The positive perspective of genetic organisms will first be discussed, and negative effects also. Both sides expose the controversy that surrounds this issue. Genetically Modified Food Organisms. (GMOs). Discussion There are various issues that comprise bioethical research analysis. Genetically modified organisms include one of the issues that have raised controversy in the biomedical field. The argument is between the advantages and negative effects of these foods. Part of the global community view GMOs as a benefit to human survival while others see the organisms as unhealthy and having adverse effects on people, animals and the environment in general. Genetically modified organisms (GMO) can be said to be organisms that’s through genetic engineering techniques, their genetic material or make-up is altered (Anderson K. 2005). The recombinant DNA technology is used in alteration of the genetic makes of GMOs include transgenic plants and microbes for example e. g. bacteria (Cohen et al, 1973). Genetically modified organisms have increased production in the agriculture sector and reduced the costs that may be incurred during the production. This is because, there is reduced costs in chemical and mechanical needs during planting, maintenance and harvesting of the agricultural products, (Smith et al, 2000). The savings from costs that might have been incurred can be used to implement programs that can benefit the consumers. The government can therefore, spend less in the cost of production in agriculture if the foods were genetically engineered as compared to the organically produced foods. www. dartmouth. edu-biomed/resources. htmld/bioethics. shtml. Genetically modified organisms require minimal use of chemicals and labour to enhance maximum production. These organisms also result to the production of foods that are more nutritious. This means that the nutritional value of the natural foods can be increased by producing GMOs . A good example is ‘Golden Rice’ which contains beta-carotene, Vitamin A and Iron. The GMOs due to their increased nutritional value helps in preventing and treating nutritional related diseases, for example, anaemia, childhood blindness and Marasmus. Another advantage of genetically modified crops is that the foods have an enhanced taste and quality as compared to the natural crops. This is because the crops genes have been modified to improve its quality. Genes from two crops are combined to form a better quality crop. The characteristics that enhance resistance against diseases, adverse weather conditions, pests, and maximum yields in both crops result to an even better crop, www. sciencemag. org/feature/plus/sfg/education/index. dtl. The crops that have been genetically engineered have a reduced maturation time. Some crops have been known to take a very long time before they are ready to be harvested. Decreasing the maturation period increases the crop yield per given piece of land. The crops susceptibility to diseases and pests that occur as a result of long periods of crop in the field is reduced. This increases the rate of production of the crop over a given area of land. The high production is able to supply the world markets in order to satisfy the needs of the people. GMOs violate the ethics that require protection and conservation of both the plants and animal diversity. All organisms or species that exist in nature have their intrinsic values. This value allows plants or animals to exist without being interfered with. They all have a right to life and no one has the right to manipulate them. Gene engineering of these natural organisms denies them the right to exist in their original form. This results to gene loss or reduction of genetic diversity. The GMOs have an increased stress tolerance. Crop stress can be as a result of diseases, pests and unfavourable weather conditions. For example the crops are disease resistant. The crop field is protected from the diseases that are likely to attack it. Due to their disease resistant condition, the quality and nutritional value of the food crop is guaranteed. The hybrid species of crops that are produced as a result of genetic engineering offer a much higher quality crop. There is no reduction in production that may result due to the crop diseases, (Smith et al, 2003). In addition some food crops have been engineered to produce human vaccines against infections diseases. Many human diseases and infections are either incurable or curable. Some incurable human diseases can be prevented by consumption of genetically modified foods. The vaccines boost the human body immune system against the diseases. For example banana species produce a human vaccine against hepatitis. The crops are also resistant to pests that can damage crops to lower the production and its product quality. Some pests may also act as disease vectors of human or animal diseases. Some human diseases can be contagious and that can cause deaths of a large number of people. Foods containing medicinal components assist in providing better health to the people. The GMOs give a chance to the introduction of new products and growing techniques. The GMOs produce toxic substances to the humans. Natural foods contain toxic components that do not cause adverse health effects. Introduction of new genes in a pant trigger production of toxins at high levels and also interferes with a metabolic pathway. This causes a stressed plant to produce more toxins in response to this. For example potatoes bred for increased disease resistance have produced high levels of glycoalkaloids (GEO-PIE Website). These toxins may cause poisoning or diseases in the human body, (Murphy et al, 2004). In animals, the gene technology has led to the introduction of animal species that are resistant to diseases. For example, a cow has been introduced; that is resistant to the mad cow disease (James, 2001). This prevents outbreak of such infectious diseases, which may even be transmitted to the human beings. Animal productivity can be increased its resistant to harsh unfavourable conditions. The animal also acquires an efficient feeding method. Animal diagnostic methods are improved through gene engineering. This ensures diseases can be easily diagnosed and the required treatment administered on time. Genes from different species are mixed in order to form a GMO. This means that the genetic make up is interfered with. Genes that enhance the survival of threat organism may be interfered with. Disease-resistance and stress-tolerance in the organism may be reduced. This makes the organism’s vulnerability to diseases and stress to increase. An outbreak of disease may completely wipe out an entire population due to reduced resistance. Genes tampering may also decrease the survival rate in a species due to its reduced ability to adapt to adverse weather and environmental changes. Other changes may include; behavioural change and low reproductive rate (low survival rate of the offspring). GMOs cause stress to the animals and plants. This is due to the increased human disturbance to the organism. The organism is exposed to so many changes at the same time genetic changes, behavioural changes The environment in which a person lives is very important and needs to be protected from pollution or exposure to overexploitation. Bio-herbicides and bio insecticides have been developed. These chemicals are environment friendly and help in preventing pollution of the environment. Environmental pollution contributes a lot in environment deterioration, diseases increase (in humans, animals and plants) and affects water resources and other natural resources. Environmental pollution has encouraged global warming that has in turn resulted to natural disasters (floods, famine and drought, and hurricanes). These natural disasters cause intense damage to property, transport systems and death. Use of bio-herbicides and insecticides reduce the effects that contribute to disasters that are environmentally related. These chemicals reduce the dangerous effects of chemicals that have been used in the past; non-friendly to the environment. The chemicals can be absorbed in the human environment without causing hazards. Biotechnology as a technique is applied in conservation of soil, water and energy. These resources support the entire human population survival . The resources exploitation or destruction may put to risk the human survival. Both humans and animals depend on the plant resources for their food. Minerals that are extracted from the natural environment are used in the pharmaceutical industry to produce drugs. Others are used to build residential and working facilities. Therefore, people need to protect these resources from over-exploitation and instead promote sustainable use of the resources. In the mission to protect the environment people are inventing measures that will ensure sustainable utilization of the resources. As above stated, chemicals that are genetically produced is environmental -friendly. This ensures that they do not change or affect the soil structure and its fertility. Wild animals are protected from poisoning through the use of non-environmental friendly chemicals on the natural environment. Water sources are protected from poisoning. Both plants and animals in the wild utilize water and poisoning of this water will adversely affect the aquatic organisms that live in the water resources www. gwu. edu/-guides/arts/philosophy. html. The GMOs on the other hand have negative effects on people, environment and safety, also local and global effects. The organism make up of an organism assists a person in resisting diseases in the body system. The GMOs may cause allergies in individuals due to the interference of the genetic composition. The antibiotic resistance markers in the body are transferred reducing the resistance of that person against the disease causing organisms . The environment is exposed to chemicals that in turn affect the natural cycle of the environment. Genetically modified plants may harbour disease vectors that may affect the animals. Allergies introduce other health complications to both humans and animals. Organisms that may be exposed to negative effects of use of GMOs become more susceptible to diseases (www. -sul. Stanford. edu/guides/bietics. html). . Better waste management has been developed as a result of genetically modified organisms. Wastes require to be disposed in the best way possible that does not pose danger to the people or the environment itself. Products those are less harmful to the people if disposed guarantee a community safe waste management. Any waste that is disposed in the environment requires being biodegradable and causing minimal effects to the environment. The waste is easily absorbed in the existing environment without threatening humans and animals, as well as the plant life. There is more efficient processing of products and bio processing of forestry products (Bioethics. georgetown. edu/publications/scopenotes/sn38. htm). In human societies, genetically modified organisms have increased food security for the growing populations worldwide. The food production is increased through huge harvests. Increased yields enable a country to satisfy the nutritional needs of its people . In addition more food can be stored for future use. This guarantees the people of enough food even in cases of unfavourable weather conditions (drought, floods) that may reduce the crop production. A good harvest is as a result of early maturity, disease-tolerant crops, pest resistant crops and their ability to adapt to the adverse weather conditions. The crops are more stress-tolerant and will survive in changing environments. Animal products that supplement human diet can also be produced in high amounts as a result of increased resistance to diseases, increased hardiness and feeding efficiency as well as improved diagnostic methods. Animal products provide food source that supplement the crop products. Increasing human populations have necessitated increase in animal products to satisfy the ever-increasing human needs. Genetically produced animal organisms will also increase in production and their products also easily available to the people. Increased food security prevents scarcity of food even in the events of droughts or floods. The global environment is threatened by the use of genetically modified organisms. Both plants and animal populations have been affected. In a natural environment, conservation of gene diversity is very crucial. Disappearance of a species causes reduction in the genetic diversity. The process of evolution and natural selection favour the survival of organisms with the best genes. Genetic engineering may result to the change of genes that are important for an organism to survive. A species changed wiping out of that species through natural selection. These organisms can therefore be said to threaten survival of some species for example, unintended transfer of transgenes through cross-pollination, effects on soil microbes, and loss of flora and fauna diversity. These changes in turn affect the natural cycle in the environment www. questia. com/Ethics-in-education. To the humans, the genetically modified foods are said to cause health problems. Since they are genetically engineered, the animal and crop products threaten the safety of the person consuming the product. The threats posed by the genetically modified foods vary according to the organism type being modified and the intended application of the modified organism. Products that can enter the human food supply are primary causes of problems in the human health. The GMOs are potential causal factors of food allergies. The allergic reactions result when a normally harmless protein stimulates an immune response after it enters the body, (Bernstein et al, 2003). The allergic response is activated b an introduction of a new gene in the human body, which is from a source with allergic components. The source may also be new to the human body system. This increases allergic reactions possibility. Compared to its traditional counterpart, genetically engineered plant may have decreased nutritional value. This is because a GMO is said to make nutrients in that plant to become unavailable or indigestible to the people. For example, a study conducted showed a strain of genetically modified soybean produce phytoestrogen compound levels. The phytoestrogen compounds in the soybean are believed to protect against heart diseases and cancer. This is as compared to the traditional strain of the soybean. (Bakshi, 2003). Both humans and animals have bacteria that live in the body system. These bacteria have very vital roles in the body. Genetically modified foods consumed may cause these bacteria to pick up antibiotic resistance gene before the complete digestion of the DNA. This results to the antibiotic resistance in the body systems (GEO-PIE website). In terms of access and intellectual property, genetically modified foods causes few companies to dominate world food production. The technology that is applied in gene engineering is very expensive and not easy to acquire. Therefore, only few companies have the knowledge and technical know-how to produce the organisms. This will result to monopolization of the market by these few companies. Reduction in competition will cause the price of these foods to go up. This will in turn deny food to the poor or those who cannot afford these productswww. healthsystem. virginia. edu/internet/bio-ethics/bibliographylombardo. cfm. The developing countries dependency on industrialized countries will increase. Dependency of developing countries on the developed country violates their rights to conduct their government affairs independently. The countries sometimes are blackmailed into accepting political stands that compromise the welfare of their citizens. Laws and policies that should be developed in the country, address more issues that benefit the developed countries, rather than their own country (Jonathan et al, 2006). The process of developing the genetically modified organisms involves the foreign exploitation of natural resources. This is referred to as biopiracy. (Muse. jhu. edu/journals/kennedy-institute-of ethics-journal). This is whereby foreign firms or companies exploit natural resources that belong to others without their authority and recognization. Some companies have been said to exploit resources from the indigenous communities and patenting them as their own. This can be viewed as undermining of natural resources by people who do not own them (Khushf et al, 2004). The genetic engineering advances are thought to direct interests of rich countries. The rich countries gain economically by supplying GMOS to the global market, while the poor developed countries loose. Developing countries lack the technological know how in producing genetically modified organisms. If the organisms were to be introduced in the developing countries, it would be very expensive for the country or its citizens to afford the products www. bu. edu/library/guides/biethics. html. In my own view, genetically modified foods should not be introduced in the market due to the adverse effects they can cause to people, environment and society, (Glad et al, 2008). These effects cannot be ignored due to the further complications they cause to humans, animals and the overall environment. Their advantages can be equited to the negative effects they cause. The organisms should be developed without causing the harm they have caused in the past, if they are to be introduced for everyone to consume. Though these organisms do assist in solving food problems, other methods of ensuring maximum food production without posing threats should be applied. Research in the medical field, through biotechnology has helped in manufacturing of more effective drugs by pharmaceutical companies. Minimizing negative effects that may result should develop these drugs. The organisms’ benefits should be enjoyed without at the same time becoming a hazard. Conclusion Genetically modified organisms are diverse and are beneficial to the humans, animals and plants. Their benefits to human, animals and the environment are benefits to be appreciated Humans can have enough food, diseases can be prevented and the environment protected from exploitation. GMOs definitely contribute to the well being of life on earth in various ways. However they also have their negative side to life on earth. Diseases and infections have been encouraged by the organisms, environmental pollution and poisoning of human, animals and plant life. In future the testing of the Genetically Modified Organisms will be very important to ensure that the benefits outweigh the demerits and costs of development. This is the only way that the moral and ethics of life on earth will be propagated. Genetically Modified Organisms that may be introduced should be acceptable if the benefits people acquire from them are so important and many their negative effects can be comfortably sidelined. References Anderson . K and Lee Ann Jackson . 2005. Some Implications of GM food Technology policies for Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of African Economies Bakshi 2003. Genetically modified organisms; harmful effects Bernstein et al, 2003 Cohen, S. Chang, A. Boyerit. Helling R. 1973. Construction of Biologically Functional Bacterial Plasmids in Vitro. Glad, John. 2008. Future Human Evolution; Eugenis in the Twenty-First Century: Hermitage Press. James 2001. Principles of Biomedical Ethics, Oxford, New York; Oxford University Press Jonsen, Albert; Veatch, Robert Walters, Leroy (1998). Source Book in Bioethics, Washington; Georgetown University Press. Jonathan, Baron. 2006. Against Bio-ethics. Khushf, Tom(ed) 2004. Handbook of Bio-ethics; Taking Stock of the Field from a Philosophical Perspective. McGee, Glenn (2003). Pragmatic Bioethics, Cambridge Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press. Murphy, Timothy. 2004. Case Studies in Biomedical Research Ethics. The MIT Press. Smith, Nick. April 13, 2000. â€Å"Seeds of opportunity† An assessment of the Benefits, safety and oversight of plant Genomics and Agriculture Biotechnology. www. eubios. info/betext. htm www. dartmouth. edu-biomed/resources. htmld/bioethics. shtml www. sciencemag. org/feature/plus/sfg/education/index. dtl Bioethics. georgetown. edu/publications/scopenotes/sn38. htm www. questia. com/Ethics-in-education www. healthsystem. virginia. edu/internet/bio-ethics/bibliographylombardo. cfm www. bu. edu/library/guides/biethics. html www. gwu. edu/-guides/arts/philosophy. html Muse. jhu. edu/journals/kennedy-institute-of ethics-journal www. -sul. Stanford. edu/guides/bietics. html

The Hierarchical Structure of The Court System in England and Wales Essay

The Hierarchical Structure of The Court System in England and Wales - Essay Example The Civil Division of the Court of Appeal handles any appeals about decisions taken by the High Court. The subcategory of Chancery Division, Companies Court handles cases about business swindles, company disagreements, bankruptcy, organizational administration and disentitlement of directors. Patents Courts, second subcategory of Chancery Division handles cases about scholarly possessions, copyrights, government grants and trademarks. The Divisional Court, the third subpart of Chancery Division handles cases about ‘equity and trusts’, ‘controversial probates’, ‘tax partnerships’ and liquidation (Jones, 2011). The Family Division handles cases about marital issues like guardianship of children, family, espousal, parental accommodation, domestic sadism, breakage of relationships, and termination of marital agreements, divorces, and medical handling situations (Elliot & Thomas 2011). The Queen’s Bench Division is divided into Administrative Court, Admiralty Court, Commercial Court, Mercantile Court, and Technology and Construction Court. The Administrative Court is responsible for hearing the legal reassessments, legislative cases and claims, and claims that come under the category of cases according to ‘Drug Trafficking Act 1984’ and the ‘Criminal Justice Act 1988’. The Administrative Court also supervises the courts and tribunals inferior to it about legitimized decisions. It also supports localized establishments, ‘Ministries of the Crown’ and public authorities in legal decision-making (Elliot & Thomas 2011). The Admiralty Court is responsible for handling disagreements related to nautical and shipment issues such as accidents, rescue, transportation of... This essay mostly focuses on the analysis of the hierarchal structure of court system of England and Wales, that can be noticed today as divided into five levels. Supreme Court also called previously as House of Lords and Judicial Committee of the Privy Council are at first level, Court of Appeal is on the second level, High Court on third, Crown Court and County Courts on four and Magistrates’ Courts and Tribunals Services are at fifth level. The researcher then concludes that the court system in England and Wales is divided into certain levels starting from Supreme Court to the Tribunals and Magistrates’ Courts. The researcher then discusses each level and provides recommendations as to how to understand and differentiate each one. Supreme Court is the highest most court of the court system. Judicial Committee of the Privy Council is also of top level. The second in hierarchy is the Court of Appeal followed by Criminal and Civil Divisions. Magistrates’ Courts a nd Tribunals that are at the last level of hierarchy of court system follow Crown Court and County Courts at forth level. The decisions from lower courts can be appealed in the higher courts. However, the binding precedent cannot be appealed as it is a decision that is taken by a higher court and can be reused if the judges find a similar case with similar issues and facts. If a judge at a lower level of court system does not follow the binding precedent in giving a decision, the case can be appealed at a higher level.